The Storm By Kate Chopin, Sex, Love, And Marriage - 976 Words

In the Story â€Å"The Storm†, by Kate Chopin, sex, love, and marriage are major parts of the story. The story takes place in Louisiana. It tells about the two main characters Calixta and Alcee; who were once involved in a relationship together. They are now both married and are in the same house during a storm and somehow rekindle their love for each other. Calixta husband and son are trapped in a store during the storm and she is left at home. Her ex-lover, then gets trapped in the stormed as he is passing her house, and goes in where they are both together and alone. The main theme of this story is about sex, love, and marriage, and how just because you are tied together by married does not mean you are truly happy with your marriage. To begin with, from which the story was written, in Chopin’s time women were born to basically be married and were supposed to live happily ever after. In â€Å"The Storm†, Calixta, was basically unhappy with her life and seemed as if she did not have much love for husband. During the storm, her husband and son was worried about her; but it seemed as if she wasn’t about them. The story basically depicted her as not having much concern and love for her family and only payed attention to them when she is annoyed. Calixta does not find fulfilment and happiness from her family. Right at the beginning of the story, it stated that she â€Å"felt no uneasiness for their safety,† which was referring to her husband and son who were trapped in the stormShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s The Storm 915 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 30, 2015 Analysis of Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin is a story of passion and desire where morality has no home when it comes to love, sex, and marriage. â€Å"The Storm† as the title implies, tells a story about Calixta a married woman who has an affair with Alcee, a former beau who is also married. As the storm approaches so does Alcee riding upon his horse and he asks â€Å"May I come in and wait on your gallery till the storm is over, Calixta?† (Chopin , pg 121). She allows himRead MoreThe Storm by Kate Chopin1238 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin is writing so many great stories about whatever she sees. Kate has many Wonderful stories such as, (The Storm, Desiree’s Baby, A Pair of Silk Stocking, A Respectable Woman, and The Story of an Hour). There is one story in particular that catches my mind which is â€Å"The Storm†. 0In Kate chopins era, women are seen as nothing more than a wife and have to stay with their husband for life. Chopin shows a dramatic scene between Alcee and Calixta during the time of a storm that is passing byRead MoreViews on Sex and Marriage Depicted in Kate Chopins The Storm1321 Words   |  6 PagesA storm can represent and symbolize many different meanings. The impact of the word can be brought about in many different views and aspects that arrange themselves to create and portray detailed information and great definition to the subject of the short story as a whole. By using the storm as a symbol, it gives way to a passage that will encounter the relationship and parallel aspect of both the fervent thunder that occurs and the sexual passion that is encountered throughout the story. Kate ChopinRead MoreKate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour And The Storm844 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopin’s short stories testify to display to the readers her viewpoints about love, sex and marriage that one is not usually aware of. These three topics all tied together. Typically, it’s easy to think that when you love someone you get married to them. You only commit yourself to them and no one else. Of course not all marriages work out but that’s life. In two particular short stories though, it establishes the struggle for woman around the 1800’s. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The story of an Hour† andRead MoreThe Unique Style Of Kate Chopin s Writing1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe unique style of Kate Chopin’s writing has influenced and paved the way for many female authors. Although not verbally, Kate Chopin aired political and social issues affecting women and challenging the validity of such restrictions through fiction. Kate Chopin, a feminist in her time, prevailed against the notion that a woman’s purpose was to only be a housewife and nothing more. Kate Chopin fortified the importance of women empowerment, self-expression, self-assertion, and female sexuality throughRead MoreMarriage And Sex In Kate Chopins The Storm774 Words   |  4 Pagestwenty-first ce ntury, things that have to do with marriage and sex are completely different than what has considered the â€Å"norm† many decades ago. Now, it is far more socially acceptable for women to be open about their sexuality and about being sexual beings. Women were supposed to uphold a certain image as being â€Å"perfect and innocent† Whereas years ago, a woman expressing her sexuality was known to be a â€Å"taboo† and was looked down on. Not only that, but the marriage was also a thing that is seen as what womenRead MoreThe Storm And The Story Of An Hour Comparison Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesKadesha Koen Dr. Fantroy 10-18-17 Comparison Essay â€Å"The Storm† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Katherine O’Flaherty was born in St.Louis, Missouri on February 8,1850. Katherine was considered one of the first 20th century feminist authors. Katherine evolved most of her work as being an American novelist and a short story writer, also a feminist literary movement artist. When her husband died was really a profound writer. By the age of 49 Flaherty was best known for her novel (The Awakening) alsoRead MoreKate Chopin s The Storm1623 Words   |  7 Pages Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"The Storm† was written almost at the same time as â€Å"The Awakening,† but the author has not dared to publish it. The story encompasses deep social problems important for the nineteenth century, including women’s rights and women’s sexuality. The plot of â€Å"The Storm† is sequel to â€Å"At the ‘Cadian ball,† published almost six years earlier, although the characters have obtained different features and behavioral patterns. Kate Chopin was born in 1851Read MoreThe Storm and The Story of an Hour872 Words   |  4 Pages A womans happiness and success during this era is often dependant on the male or husband of the marriage. During this era, Chopin displays to us in both her short stories The Storm and The Story of an Hour of how reliant women are in their relationship and lives. Women during this era were heavily looked down upon. They were looked so down upon that even the women themselves would look down on themselves resulting in more reliant on the men for their success in life. The women during this timeRead MoreEssay on Marriage According to Kate Chopin868 Words   |  4 Pages Kate Chopin is an experienced short story writer from the beginning of the 1900s, who was ahead of her time due to her amazing ability to take such complex characters that are easy to identify with and create amazing short stories in such a small amount of space. Marriage is a common theme in her stories, because a wife was a defining role in womens lives back then. The only thing is, marriage is not always shown to be flowery and romantic like writings before her. She looked at the painfully

The Short Term Effects Of Bullying On Adolescents - 969 Words

According to the website Eyes on Bullying statistically in a U.S. national study with youth in grades 6 through 10, almost 30% —more than 5.7 million—were involved in moderate or frequent bullying during the current school term, as a bully, victim, or both. â€Å"According to researchers, bullying is still commonly viewed by many as just a harmless rite of passage or an inevitable part of growing up.† (Impact of Bullying Traits both victims, bullies into Adulthood) Does bullying have short term effects on adolescents? Do adults suffer from long term effects, if bullied during youth? This research paper will discuss the short term effects of bullying on adolescents, the long term effects adults suffer from bullying occurring during youth, and address prevention of bullying. Bullying as defined by eyesonbullying.org is a form of emotional and physical abuse which has three defining characteristics which are deliberate; the bully intends to hurt someone, repeated; b ullies often target the same victim, and power imbalanced; a bully chooses someone the view as vulnerable. Continuing on, there are numerous short term effects of bullying on adolescents. As previously stated bullies often chose someone the view as vulnerable. Victims of bullying display a low self-esteem, and usually display characteristics of being passive and quiet. While under the influence of a bully, victims may show many signs of physical, emotional, and social distress. (Eyes on Bullying) During the progressionShow MoreRelatedThe Long Term Effects of Bullying Among Teenagers769 Words   |  3 Pagesthe reasoning behind an issue and or a prevention and intervention plan for major issues, such as bullying, that are affecting individuals and the society, it is important that theoretical frameworks are used. According to the 2010 statistics, with bullying becoming a rapidly growing issue and concern affecting both youth and adults, the crime of bullying will not be going away a nytime soon. Bullying is performed in several different forms ranging from physically, verbally, and even cyber within ourRead MoreThe Long-Term Effects of Bullying Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pageseffecting adolescents in today’s society ranging from low self-esteem, teen pregnancy, and obesity. Also, amongst these issues are the growing concerns and effects of bullying. Its epidemic is also starting to become closely related to the growing numbers of suicide rates amongst adolescents within the United States and across the globe. However, there are several adults that may take bullying lightly thinking that it is just a part of kids being kids. Whereas to an adolescent, bullying can causeRead MoreBullying Is A Problem That Has Affected Our Community1379 Words   |  6 PagesBullying is a problem that has affected everyone in the community. People are finding it necessary to address the rising issue of bullying. The effects of bullying have been a developing issue in the home, schools, and the community. Some individuals have said it is just kids having fun. However, it is not fun for the individual on the receiving end of the bullying. The issue of bullying can become an annoyance for the individual being bullied and others around them. The people who are witnessRead MoreBullying Is A Serious And Persistent Concern Facing Modern Youth Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pagessimple, yet painful action characterized as bullying..... Bullying refers to any physical or emotional action that s used to intentionally hurt or even terrorize a person. As stated by psychologist, Jodi Viljoen, and other individuals, The recent surge of empirical studies has identified bullying as a serious and persistent concern facing modern youth (Viljoen, O Neill, Sidhu, 2005, pg. 521). Many people are the suspects and even the victims of bullying, in spite of the fact that it isn t visibleRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying1394 Words   |  6 Pagesis however diff icult to define bullying as there are different types of bullying. Bullying can be verbal, non-verbal, violent and non-violent. The reactions to bullying are also varied. While some do not mind bullying, some get severely affected by it. There are also others who grow stronger under constant bullying. Bullying can also occur at all ages and different environments. Kids, teenagers, and adults get bullied at school, in the Internet and at work. Bullying can also be quite subtle whereRead MoreCyberbullying: The New Form Of Bullying. When Sending Our1661 Words   |  7 PagesCyberbullying: The New Form of Bullying When sending our children to school we expect them to be able to learn without distractions, but bullying makes that impossible. Bullying has been recognized as a problem for school children globally. In fact, school bullying has proven to be a risk factor for suicide, which has been identified as one of the top causes of death among teens (Erick Messias, 2014). Now that bullying and its importance has been acknowledged as a critical concern, several preventionRead MoreEssay about Bullied to death: Relationship between Bullying and Suicide1087 Words   |  5 Pagesshould just ignore it. Bullying has emerged in the 21st century as an important public health issue and there have been incidents where teasing and bullying have turned deadly (Burgess, A., Garbarino, C., Carlson, M. I., 2006). Children that experience any kind of bullying have an increased chance of committing suicide because each one believes that is their only chance to escape and stop suffering. Therefore, it is im portant to understand what bullying is, the role bullying plays on mental healthRead MoreDepression Essay : The Causes And Effects Of Youth Depression1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe Causes and Effects of Youth Depression Most individuals spend a short downcasted period in their lives, but some individuals experience an extended period of dejection. This may be the cause of depression. Depression is a mental disorder that feeds on the negative self-evaluation of an individual. Eventually the individual is blinded of any positivity in their life by the overwhelming pessimistic views of a situation, continuing the cycle. Awareness of adult depression is substantial, but unprogressiveRead MoreResilience Training Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pages As bullying continues to rise amongst children of all ages, it is absolutely crucial to not only find out what implications being victimized have on a child, but also find possible ways to eliminate the negative outcomes they endure. Current research has already gathered an abundance of information surrounding the effects bullying has on its victims. One area of current focus on bullying and victimization is the health effects. Serious negative mental, emotional and physical health outcomes haveRead MoreThe Problem Of Peer Victimization Essay1125 Words   |  5 Pagesto be spared the oppression and repeated, intentional humiliation of bullying.† The school is a place where youths spend a significant proportion of their life and this environment has proven to pose various challenges daily. The incidence of peer victimization has been a major social and health problem that is highlighted in the media and has become rampant among schools regionally and internationally. Historically, bullying was regarded as a â€Å"rite to passage† or a â€Å"part of growing up† however

Pestel and Porter Five Force Analysis of Container Line Shipping Industry in India Essay Example For Students

Pestel and Porter Five Force Analysis of Container Line Shipping Industry in India Essay Analysis of â€Å"Shipping Industry† in India Business Group: Container Line Compiled by: Ashok Lalwani Introduction: There are many factors which directly or indirectly affect the present day businesses like government policies, regulations, laws, human rights, competition, technology, international organisations, world trade bodies, child labour, minimum wage, pollution, accidents, risks, violence, security, labour, supplies etc. Therefore it becomes important for every business to determine these various factors and plan their strategies accordingly to survive against all such odds. But practically it is virtually impossible to consider all such individual factors and therefore specific models exists like PESTEL and Porter five forces which are applied available to determine the external and internal environments factors affecting the shipping industry in India, the same are applied here. Overall shipping industry in India is very large in size and volume, therefore â€Å"Container Line† business group has been taken for discussion under this study. Container line business involves hiring, transportation, repairs and movement of containers by exporters, trader or agents for transportation of goods to any foreign destination against agreed freight rates. The reason for choosing this industry as part of study is due to enormous support being given by government of India to promote foreign trade for the economic development, as well as my personal experience of 5 years in shipping industry under AP Moller Maersk Group gave me thrust to explore more about this industry. First we will analyse the overall industry using PESTEL analysis which refers to factors like Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors than; * We will analyse the companies working under this industry using Porter’s Five Forces model which are threat of new entrant, threat of substitution, power of buyers, power of sellers and competitive rivalry. First three main competitors of this industry according to market share are Mae rsk Group (21%), Mediterranean Shipping Company (14%) and American Presidential Lines (9%). PESTEL – Political Factors: Shipping industry in India is administered by central government through â€Å"Ministry of Shipping† with the sole responsibility to formulate policies, programmes and their implementation. Each port is governed under Indian Ports Act’ 1980 and Major Port Trust Act’ 1963 and administered individually by board of trustees under direct orders from central government. Political factors are important here due to immense involvement of government in this industry. Appointment of Custom House Agents: â€Å"Customs House Agent  (CHA)  is a person who is licensed to act as an agent for transaction of any business relating to the entry or departure of conveyances or the import or export of goods at any Customs station†. These agents are governed by â€Å"Customs House Agents Licensing Regulations, 1984† which involve responsibilities like filing bills of entry, shipping bills, submitting documents, helping in examination of goods, payment of duty on behalf of principal, storage and movement of goods. They act as an intermediary between importer, exporter, clearing agent and custom house due to high involvement and technical nature of work involved in connection with clearance of cargo. These agents are appointed after clearing minimum laid criteria’s like minimum qualification as graduation, practical working experience in customs for 3 years, holder of pass in Form G as employee of company, reliability of applicant, financial soundness and completion of oral and written examination with maximum 3 attempts. Infrastructure Development: Maritime Transport is a critical infrastructure for the social and economic development of a country. It influences the pace, structure and pattern of development. 90% of India foreign trade is carried out by sea, in contrast its existing port infrastructure is insufficient to handle trade effectively. In recent years, government has started promoting investments into infrastructure projects based on PPP model with allowance of upto 100% FDI and in return provides incentives of upto 100% tax exemption for maximum 10 years. As a result significant investments have been made by foreign players like Maersk, PO Ports, Dubai Ports International and PSA Singapore in port development and operation activities. Anti Sea Piracy: Government is actively involved in curbing of sea piracy in Gulf of Aden off Somalia coast. Sea piracy has been a big problem in recent time for this industry specially trade and transit between India and counties like Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Egypt and Ethiopia. To protect vessels and crew from such pirate attacks, India has deployed its naval warship in Gulf of Aden since 2008 under informal Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS), which is a broad based policy oriented group comprising 22 countries for securing Somalia coast from pirates. Around 21 Indian vessels are hijacked since 2007 till date but none of the seafarers or vessels have been held hostage due to proactive and prompt measures by government. Safeguarding Domestic Market: With enaction of anti dumping and anti subsidy measures in line with WTO agreement, government seek to provide necessary relief and protection to domestic companies against dumping of goods and articles at cheaper rates by exporting companies of foreign countries. India has been a victim since long against such unfair practices in items like import of chemicals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, textile, steel and other consumer products which were dumped at cheaper rates than offered by Indian companies. Under these anti dumping measures government charges an additional duty on such cheap imported products making it equivalent to price offered by domestic market. Promoting Exports: To overcome shortcomings on account of multiple controls and clearances; absence of world-class infrastructure, unstable fiscal regime and with a view to attract larger foreign investments in India, the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April 2000. This policy intends to make SEZs an engine for economic growth, employment opportunities, attract foreign direct investment, infrastructure development with attractive incentives like exemption from central and state taxes, 100% income tax exemption for 5 years, duty free imports, exemption from custom nd excise duties etc. As a result there are presently 105 SEZ units operational in India with continuous growth rate of more than 50% annually. Even during the period of recession when global markets were struggling Indian SEZs were booming with growth rate of 93% and 50% in fiscal year 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 respectively. PESTEL – Economic Factors: Economic factors are as important as political factors which concern not only this industry but every industry in each and every corner of the world. Change in economic conditions at domestic or at international level largely affects the functioning of every industry; following are some of the economic factors which may affect shipping industry. Exchange Rates are required for determining custom and excise duties, valuation of import and export goods, payment of duties etc. These rates are not uniform and fluctuate daily in line with demand-supply factors prevailing in international markets. With respect to shipping industry, government of India informs public involved in shipping trade about uniform monthly exchange rates, through monthly notification. This ensures that dealing and communication between trade bodies and government agencies, in respect of duties and value of goods is uniformed across all ports and across all custom houses throughout India, instead of different rates and different value each day. Rationalisation Measures: Government is promoting trade of medical equipments, construction machineries, renewable sources of energy, bio degradable products, solar energy, export of species, tea/ coffee plantation and agricultural machinery etc with incentives like minimal or zero custom duty. In contrast government demotes import of products like petrol, diesel, precious metals which add no value to the economy as a whole. These rationalisation measures are untaken to improve infrastructure, quality of life of people, better facilities and environment friendly products. Push ‘n’ Pull Factors: Due to global recession since last couple of years liquidity of countries around the world has affected badly and as a result many governments have increased the rates on fixed and saving deposits to pull out money from its people to fund the deficit. This tep was successful to some extent which was further boosted by relaxation in income tax slabs. For i. e. individual in India earning 5 lacs (0. 5 million) or more was paying 30% tax under previous rules which is now decreased to 20% under â€Å"Union Budget 2010-11†. This means saving of Rs 50,000 by way of tax annually which has indirectly increased the buying power of that individual. Tax rebates are also intr oduced if the investment is made in national health care, medical and infrastructure projects. These new procedures and relaxations have provided relief to around 60% of taxpayers by way of savings in taxes. Inflation: Rate of inflation reflects changes in demand and supply conditions in economy. Inflation management therefore involve controlling demand and supply factors by various monetary and fiscal measures respectively. Before global recession wholesale price index (WPI) inflation was high due to increase in commodity and fuel prices, with subsequent y decreased due to meltdown in global economy which has resulted in sharp decline of commodity prices. During the period 2008-09 inflation rate in India was 10. 20% which has reached to 1. 63% in 2009-10 due to above factors. As regards food inflation, the continuous increase in inflation rate from start of 2008-09 to 2009-10 was majorly due to unfavourable monsoon in India which was worst since 1972. Food inflation has reached double digits because of shortage in supply of wheat, rice, pulses, sugar, onions and potatoes. Government initiated several anti-inflationary measures like exempting duties on import of rice, wheat, pulses, edible oils to bring more imports to country and also allowing distribution of rice and wheat to consumers through public distribution centres (PDS). Futures trading, exports have also been suspended for rice, wheat and onions to control increasing prices. However inflation volatility in India was much better and stagnant compared to other countries of world. Below figure shows comparison of inflation between World food and WPI-based domestic food inflation in international markets and in India. Source: India Economic Survey 2009-2010, chapter -4, pp 70. PESTEL – Socio-Cultural Factors: Quick Facts: Indian civilisation can be traced back to 3400 BC during the development of Indus Valley Civilisation.   India lies to the north of the equator between 6 °44 and 35 °30 north latitude  and 68 °7 and 97 °25 east longitude. Indias coast is 7,517  kilometres long which consists of 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky coast including cliffs, and 46% mudflats  or marshy coast India has a GDP of over USD 1. 367 trillion, the 11th largest in the world. It is the 4th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. Its per capita income is USD 1124, 139th in the world. Population in India is second highest in the world. As of 2010, India’s population is estimated to be 1. 18 billion. India ranks 139th globally, under medium human development category according to Human Development Index (HDI). Due to significant changes in economic reforms undertaken during the industrial revolution in 1991, India has transformed itself to one of the fastest growing economies in world. India is also a strong member of Commonwealth of Nations, SAARC, and WTO. India’s strong 55,000 military personnel’s are serving in 35 UN peacekeeping operations across 4 continents. Demographics: India has more arable land than any other country except United States,  and largest water covered area after Canada and United States. Indian life revolves mostly around agriculture and allied activities in small villages, where the overwhelming majority of Indians live. As per the 2001 census, 72. 2% of the population lives in about 638,000 villages  and the remaining 27. 8% lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban areas. In languages Hindi is used by over 80% of population in India followed by Muslim (13. 4%), Christian (2. 4%) and Sikhs (1. 3%). Muslim population in India is third largest in world after Indonesia and Pakistan. 57% of population in India is between age group 15-59 years while around 35% of population is below 15 years. Literacy rate in India is 64. 8% overall distributed between urban (79. 9%) and rural areas (58. 7%). Cultural Trends: Trends are a manifestation of new enablers unlocking existing human needs which are constantly changing with time. Cultural trend reflects in many tangible aspects ranging from architecture to attire to food to culture which are deeply embedded in the rich historical and geographical elements of the country. In the past two decades, India has seen plethora of change, more so, as an after effect of globalisation. A nation of thinkers has become a nation of doers, eco sensitivity is on the rise, and all this has translated nto a new language of patriotism, and speaks of a rede? ned culture. This cultural shift has de? nite impacts on the Indian work scenario. Start-ups today have fresh innovative concepts and exciting working models which highlights the key socio-cultural trends in India. Businesses are increasingly catering to rational, practical and current cultural needs and are not based only on traditional models and offerings. Indian society is defined by relatively strict social hierarchy because of high degree of  syncretism and  cultural pluralism. Marriage is considered to be a thought for life and therefore divorce rate is extremely low in India. Recent Trends in 2010: Government has started its long awaited prosperous plan to provide unique identification number to every citizen which would be used primarily as the basis for efficient delivery of welfare services. It would also act as a tool for effective monitoring of various programs and schemes of the Government. This program of unique identification will strengthen transparency and accountability. Plans are also underway to improve literacy rate of 60mn females among 70mn illiterate adults through introduction of â€Å"Saakshar Bharat† (Educate India) scheme. Marketing Strategies of Subway EssayThreat of New Entry: Every person would love to do business in India especially in shipping industry due to large profits involved. However this would seem easy but practically it is lot more difficult and virtually impossible to establish in container line business. The problem pertains to large capital investments in form of vessel and container procurements and risk of operating vessels. Therefore there are only two native Indian companies which are involved in this business, others all are foreign players or in other words are multinational companies having their business arm extended in India. Even if we take the examples of biggest companies like Maersk and APL we will see that it had taken more than 100 years for these companies to establish themselves today at this top level. While there can be threat from existing companies to expand into new sectors which would lessen the share of company operating in that region. For i. e. Maersk is generally operating in every part of the world, in certain regions it may be the only player operating in that case its profit margins from those operations would be enormous. However this profit can be severely affected if APL or MSC introduce their service in those regions, or the situation can be vice versa. If there are any new potential companies who would intend to jump into this sector with huge capital than other factors like licensing, government rules, regulations, policies are all secondary. Supplier Power: Suppliers barely make any difference to companies involved in shipping line business in India, especially who are leading players in this business while it may affect to certain extent to small players who are struggling to establish within the industry. Many supplies are such which are borne directly by customers but arranged by shipping lines like fumigation, pesticide, wooden pallets, container repairs and truck transportation due to corporate contract or link ups of companies with service providers. While there are cases when these same services are borne by shipping lines but then these charges are included in freight rate which would be higher if the supplies were not arranged by company. Literally speaking suppliers of these services hardly make any difference to shipping line, financially as well as socially. If we consider supply of ship stores, food stuffs and other supplies in ships, than there are many suppliers of these supplies in market today while in contrast the demand is much less. Therefore the price factor remains weak in favour of suppliers here. Another supply which is related to loading of containers on third party vessels is very important here because this is the only supply where shipping lines have to face the brunt of suppliers. Not all shipping lines own the vessel and therefore they hire the service of other companies, to load their containers for different destinations. For i. . Maersk is the largest container operator in Kandla port but its own vessels are not operating from Kandla due to drift problem and therefore they hire the services of third party feeder vessels to load its containers till JNPT port in Mumbai, from where Maersk mother vessels are operating across continents. In this case Maersk may have to pay some extra money if demanded by ship operators. W hile this is not the case with MSC which has its own small vessels operating from Kandla to different gulf locations but if we move to location like JNPT port in Mumbai, the situation is totally different. Maersk vessels are the biggest here operating among other carriers and those small carriers are using slot on Maersk vessels for transporting their cargo. There are other supplies like stevedoring, loading/ unloading of containers from vessel, movement of containers to CFS (container freight station) and vessel towing which are provided by port authorised suppliers and companies don’t have to arrange separately. Port authority charges fixed amount towards these handling from shipping lines and shipping lines charges the same from customers after adding their profit margin. Buyer Power: Buyer is one the strongest factor in shipping line business. Buyers may be in form of importer or exporter, clearing agent, freight forwarder or manufacturer of goods. Sometimes manufacturer himself acts as an exporter or importer, if not than trader acts on behalf of manufacturer of goods. Container line business in India is based on two core factors viz price and quality of service. Price refers to freight rate at which one container is decided by shipping company to transport from one place to another. Due to much competition in this sector and limited number of operators, bargaining power of buyer has increased in relation to freight price. For i. e. almost all shipping lines have service to Jebel Ali (an important transit hub) from India and customer are sure to get very competitive rate for this location from market. For such locations customer are virtually like king but when it comes to transporting cargo to far Europe or America than this power is transferred to companies operating in those regions. Therefore companies like Maersk, APL and MSC strategise their businesses in such a way to get maximum profits from service to odd or far reaching areas and make normal profits from operation to common areas like Jebel Ali. Another factor Service refers to fast processing of documents, bill of lading and prompt loading and movement of containers etc. It is rather difficult for customers to get better quality of service than getting competitive freight rates. In this world of technology every company is trying to adapt to new technology in their day to day businesses like e-processing of documents and fastest data entry to name a few. For i. e. Maersk is so technologically advanced in this field that all its data processing is being done electronically by back office and customers are able to access all information relevant to shipment though dedicated space available on company website. Examples electronic processes are shipping bills, vessel certificates, freight invoices and bill of lading in encrypted format once the payment is done by customer either electronically or at Maersk local office. These advancements have decreased the paper work considerably and had increased the efficiency of work between company and customer. Companies like APL and MSC do have electronic processing systems but are not fully fledged and as a result much of the work is still being done manually. Other section of buyers which may affect container line business are freight forwarders or clearing agents, with rapid expansion of shipping industry and import/ export businesses in India, many agents acting as freight forwarders have came up in market to share the profit in form of commission. These agents earn commission by way of collecting excess freight from exporter than charged by shipping lines. It is relatively easy for shipping lines to entertain these agents as they bring big lot of containers from different small exporters which would be difficult if shipping company approaches those 10 different exporters for business instead of only one agent. Competitive Rivalry: Rivalry exists in every field be it business, science, space, technology, education etc; actually speaking it is part and parcel of day to day usinesses. It is sometimes bad because companies have to share hard earned profits with competitors and sometimes good because it gives opportunities to one company to stand in line with another in terms of quality of service, business strategy, job satisfaction etc. Considering the rivalry in shipping industry in India, will be held valid due to enormous margins of available profits combined with continuous growth of around 14% since last couple of years. If we consider the rivalry between our top of the table players (Maersk, MSC and APL) we will find that all these players are good in some and bad in some and therefore stiff competition exists between them. Maersk dominates the market due to its wide area coverage, better connectivity, best business practices, and cost controlling measures while it is outcry for many due to its strict and non flexible policies and highly technological advancement at very base levels which is not digested by people working in lower educated market. MSC on other hand has balance of advantages and disadvantages. It has done well in recent times in attracting business due to its competitive pricing model and better connectivity of services. In contrast it has failed to control administrative, operational and higher output costs. It has been seen practically at Kandla port location where Maersk is having higher outputs compared to MSC but staff recruited to control that output and time for completing the tasks was almost double compared to Maersk. APL on other hand has much controlled costs measures and highly technological advanced processes as in Maersk but it doesn’t have far reaching connectivity like Maersk and MSC and therefore relies on third party services in certain regions. Also it has lagged behind in attracting customers due to non availability of killing marketing strategies. Threat of Substitution: Substitution factor is foremost important especially when something is going wrong in organisation and competitors are waiting to catch that opportunity for their benefit. We have discussed above how competitive the market is in India and the core factors like price and service which affects the buying behaviour of customers. Substitution threat is the result of change in buyer behaviour towards competitor or against company. Substitution may also result because of change in quality of service, increase in freight rates and increase in transit time. From view point of switching costs, buyers are not affected at all due to higher number of suppliers and freight forwarders available in market. While it may affect the company to certain extent as they have to start new search of customer, establish strong relations and educate them on company policies and systems. Switching costs become even more at times of downturn due to decrease in supply of business from customers. Cost factor is primarily responsible for substitution while service specification comes secondary. Conclusion Container line business is a flamboyant industry not only in India but in whole world. Due to rapid economic development since recent past, trade between India and developed countries has increased significantly and India is being seen as export making country from its traditional tag of import specific country. As a result of this development shipping industry is progressing at average rate of 10% during the last 3 years. It is also essential that government of India and â€Å"Ministry of Shipping† in particular should take more proactive steps like setting up automated container terminals, developing more dry cargo berths, liberal regulations in free movement of foreign exchange and international trade, easing export/ import duties to make this industry work more freely and contribute even more to economic development of country. Companies at same time should adapt more technology to make easy and efficient work environment for customers and employees. Appendices Critical Evaluation of Analysis Techniques: Two techniques, macro and micro environment are used here to determine the strategy of overall industry and that of firms operating within the industry. In simple terms it is an in-depth analysis of external factors affecting industry and analysis of internal factors affecting firms within that industry. Macro environment factors are determined with application of PESTEL model, an extended model f PEST with addition of Environment and Legal factors affecting industry. It takes into account all the main factors on which the industry is dependant and can determine the merits and demerits of industry based on result of this analysis. For determining the micro environment factors, Porter’s five force analysis model is used which measures the forces affecting the profitability and ability of company to perform in competitive environments. These forces are an extension of SWOT analysis. Some academics like Downes’ believe that today’s markets are more influenced by technological innovations and other forces like, digitalization, globalisation and deregulation which are not taken into consideration in Porter’s five force analysis. References: Census of India 2001, Statistics, http://www. censusindia. gov. in (Accessed 14. 05. 2010) Ministry of Shipping, Government of India, http://shipping. nic. in (Accessed 14. 05. 2010) Regional Seas, United Nations Environment Programme, http://www. unep. org/regionalseas (Accessed 14. 05. 2010) Marine Environment, http://www. imo. org/ (Accessed 14. 5. 2010) National Portal of India, http://india. gov. in (Accessed 14. 05. 2010 15. 05. 2010) Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org (Accessed from 14. 05. 2010 – 18. 05. 2010) Custom House Agents, Chennai Customs, Government of India, http://www. chennaicustoms. gov. in/html/cha. html (Accessed 14. 05. 2010) Infrastructure, Government of India, http://infra structure. gov. in/port. htm (Accessed 14. 05. 2010) Information on Indian Infrastructure and Core Sectors, India core, http://www. indiacore. com/ports. html (Accessed 15. 05. 2010) Indian Ports Association, http://ipa. nic. in/ (Accessed 15. 05. 010) Special Economic Zones in India, Government of India, http://sezindia. nic. in (Accessed 15. 05. 2010) Marine Engines and Systems, MAN Diesel, http://www. mandieselturbo. com/0000721/Products/Marine-Engines-and-Systems. html (Accessed 14. 05. 2010 15. 05. 2010) CLT propeller Design, SISTEMAR, http://www. sistemar. com/CLTpropellers/desing. html (Accessed 14. 05. 2010 15. 05. 2010) Directorate General of Shipping, http://www. dgshipping. com (Accessed 14. 05. 2010 15. 05. 2010) Legislative Department, India Code, http://indiacode. nic. in/ (Accessed 15. 05. 2010) Statistics, Country Profile,

Leading as a management function

The main theme that affects the organization’s culture is the aspect of its leadership styles. There is definitely a straight connection between the leadership style and the organization’s culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leading as a management function specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the leadership styles that show an interrelationship with the organization’s culture include directing, supporting, coaching and delegating. Directing involves definition of employees’ roles and telling them what, how and when they should do various tasks. Supporting leaders recognize and listen facilitate problem-solving situations. A leader who has coaching skills provides the direction while at the same time hears the person’s feelings, ideas and suggestions. A leader who delegates duties allows people to be more autonomous given that the leader has seen an aspect of competence , commitment and confidence in the people that they lead (Ken 2008). A leader who exercises any of the above styles allows innovations to take root. A good example of this situation is one that involved John Delorean when he was ones a division head of General Motors. He led by using all the above styles thereby enhancing innovations in the company (National Defense University, Not Dated). Qualities of leadership do not change. Instead, various aspects aimed at improving the qualities are added to the existing qualities in order to improve the standards of effective leadership. The static characteristic of quality leadership is contrasted with the ever changing management structure in any organization. This is because throughout time, there has been loss of middle management because the structures of contemporary organizations keep flattening off. These reasons prompt the current organization leadership to possess greater project management skills (Snell, a. 2009). The leadership of the company must therefore be composed of visionary and inspirational people. Such kinds of leaders are able to know what needs to be achieved and they can also create an image of how things ought to be (Snell 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An effective leader must also be aware and be influential. The awareness of a leader will make them understand the abilities of each individual. A good leader must also understand their role in influencing the group that they lead. Hence an influential leader will use vision and employ the services of stakeholders in order to sway an opinion. In addition, effective leadership skills must have the aspects of trustworthiness so as to be honest and open to the team under the leader. They should also keep track of progress as a way of monitoring the targets. Taking all these factors into consideration, it can be deciphered that the r ole of a leader is pretty challenging (Buble Ivana 2007). Managers can develop good leadership skills through many ways. Leaders need to observe methods and skills of their bosses that they respected. They need to take risks and try to learn from mistakes. Managers also need to read autobiographies of leaders they admired to try to understand how such leaders think. A lot of practice is also required in development of leadership skills. Leaders should not be afraid of making mistakes. They should rather try different approaches whenever they fail in one approach. They should also purposely engage others throughout their operations in order to get things done. Managers should also seek development experiences such as building something from nothing. They should be exposed to positive role models and overcome all kinds of hardships (Snell, a. 2009). Reference List Buble, M Ivana, P. (2007). Interdependence between Organizational Culture and Leadership Styles: The Croatian Case. The Business Review, Cambridge: Summer 2007: 7, 1: ProQuest. National Defense University, (Not Dated). Strategic Leadership and Decision Making. Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch16.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leading as a management function specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Snell, B. (2009). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World. Ed. 8. The Mc-Graw-Hill Companies. This essay on Leading as a management function was written and submitted by user Felicity W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Harry Potter Controversy About Banning the Books

Harry Potter Controversy About Banning the Books The Harry Potter controversy has gone on, in one form or another, for years, particularly before the series ended. On one side of the Harry Potter controversy are those who say that J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter books are wonderful fantasy novels with powerful messages for kids and the ability to make even reluctant readers eager readers. On the opposing end are those who say that the Harry Potter books are evil books designed to promote an interest in the occult, since Harry Potter, the hero of the series, is a wizard. In a number of states, there have been attempts, some successful and some unsuccessful, to have the Harry Potter books banned in classrooms, and banned or under severe restrictions in school libraries. For example, in Gwinnett County, Georgia, a parent challenged the Harry Potter books on the grounds that they promoted witchcraft. When school officials ruled against her, she went to the State Board of Education. When the BOE confirmed the right of local school officials to make such decisions, she took her battle against the books to court. Although the judge ruled against her, she indicated she might continue her fight against the series. As a result of all the attempts to ban the Harry Potter books, those in favor of the series also began speaking out. kidSPEAK Speaks Out American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression, the Association of American Publishers, the Association of Booksellers for Children, the Childrens Book Council, the Freedom to Read Foundation, the National Coalition Against Censorship, the National Council of Teachers of English, the PEN American Center, and the People for the American Way Foundation. What do these groups have in common? They were all sponsors of kidSPEAK!, which was initially called Muggles for Harry Potter (because in the Harry Potter series, a Muggle is a non-magical person). The organization was dedicated to helping kids with their First Amendment rights. The group was most active in the early 2000s when the Harry Potter controversy was at its height. Challenges and Support for the Harry Potter Series There have been challenges in more than a dozen states.  The Harry Potter books were number seven on the American Library Associations list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 1990-2000, and they were number one on the ALAs Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009. The End of the Series Generates New Views With the publication of the seventh and final book in the series, some people began to look back over the entire series and wonder if it might not be a Christian allegory. In his three-part article, Harry Potter: Christian Allegory or Occultist Children’s Books?  reviewer Aaron Mead suggests that Christian parents should enjoy the Harry Potter stories but focus on their theological symbolism and message. Whether or not you share the view that it is wrong to censor the Harry Potter books, they have value by giving parents and teachers the opportunity offered by the series to increase their childrens interest in reading and writing and use the books to promote family discussions about issues that might otherwise not be discussed. Reading all the books in the series will allow you to make an informed decision about the Harry Potter books for your children. Participate in Banned Books Week activities, educate yourself about your communitys and school districts policies, and speak out as needed. More About Book Banning and Censorship All About Book Banning and Childrens BooksKids Book Censorship: The Who and WhyFrequently Challenged Books of the 21st Century

How to become a kindergarten teacher

How to become a kindergarten teacher As far as teaching careers go, the idea of being a kindergarten teacher seems very appealing. The students are young, not yet subject to the social pressures of middle and high school, and eager to learn about the world. Maybe you see yourself singing songs and helping kids take those tentative first steps on their educational road. But while the job does include those things, the idealized vision of singing about ABCs isn’t the whole picture. Kindergarten teachers are educators first and foremost, and have the daunting task of making sure that many students’ first formal classroom helps set them up for a good education later on. What does a kindergarten teacher do?Because of the basic nature of what early elementary school educators teach, there can be misconceptions about how â€Å"easy† it is to be a kindergarten teacher. Sure, they typically don’t teach advanced calculus, but they do need to be able to teach in a variety of subject areas, while balanci ng young students’ complex needs for social and interpersonal development. A kindergarten teacher’s duties may include:Teaching lessons and basic academic skills across different disciplines (reading, writing, math, science, etc.)Managing classroom behaviorPlanning lessons and curriculumDeveloping educational play activitiesKindergarten teachers can be found in any elementary-level school, including public schools, private schools, or magnet schools. The school week is typically a straightforward number of daytime hours, but the job may also require additional time spent in the mornings, evenings, and off-hours to prepare for school, participate in professional development, or oversee extracurricular activities/school programs. Depending on how the school is structured, kindergarten teachers may have one main class per year, or two (morning and afternoon sessions).What skills do kindergarten teachers need?First and foremost, kindergarten teachers need to have a balance between educational skills and people skills, given that their students may have yet to master a number of life skills and may have a broad variety of needs and skill levels. Here are some of the core skills you’ll need as a kindergarten teacher:Teaching Skills:  For many students, the kindergarten classroom may be the first place they’ll encounter formal lessons on reading, writing, etc. A kindergarten teacher needs to be able to teach the basic building blocks for students with different skills and abilities.Kid-Friendliness:  If you don’t like kids, then spending all day, every day handling the needs of 5–7 year olds just may not be the right teaching career for you. The job definitely requires a good measure of patience and enthusiasm for working with young kids- and all their quirks.Creativity:  Kindergarten is special because it mixes in play and hands-on activities before students start to move on to more formal classes in later grades. A ki ndergarten teacher should have a flair for coming up with fun, creative ways to use educational concepts in the classroom.Organizational Skills:  Kids can bring chaos, especially in large groups. The adult in the room should not also bring chaos. Organizational skills are a cornerstone of any teaching profession, and being able to organize and efficiently manage a classroom full of little kids is an immensely useful skill unto itself.What do you need to become a kindergarten teacher?Unlike preschool teachers, who may not need a four-year degree, becoming a kindergarten teacher typically requires a four-year degree in early childhood education. Many teachers also go on to receive a master’s degree as well. Public school kindergarten teachers are required to be licensed, but this step is not necessarily required for private school teachers. You should consult with your state’s licensing policies, as well as those of your target school/district to see what the specific requirements are.How much do kindergarten teachers get paid?According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for kindergarten teachers is $55,490. This can vary depending on the teacher’s experience and the type of school.What’s the outlook for kindergarten teachers?This is a field that will continue to grow (or at least maintain) given that kids are a continually replenishing natural resource and will always need quality teachers to guide them through those early educational steps. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the demand for kindergarten teachers will grow by about 6% through 2024.

Buyer Behaviour Analysis - The Psychology of Buying Coursework

Buyer Behaviour Analysis - The Psychology of Buying - Coursework Example It is therefore important to understand how they arrive at a decision to purchase in order for a marketer to build an offering that would attract them. This paper focuses on how psychological factors; motivation, perception, learning and attitude could influence purchasing decision of luxury cars. A motive can be defined as the internal energizing force that directs individual’s activities towards achieving a goal or satisfying a need. Actions are however affected by several motives thus marketers’ ability to identify these motives forms the basis of developing a successful marketing mix. Motivation is the internal force that reorients our behaviour towards the decision making process and purchasing behaviour. According toYalch& Brand (1996, p.406), once an individual recognizes that they have a need, there is normal a state of tension existing that drives the consumer to achieving the goal by eliminating the need and reducing the tension. In this regard, it is important to note that only unmet needs motivates an individual and once they are eliminated there could only be another motivation emanating from another need. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs identifies five levels of needs that are likely to determine the level of hierarchy the consumers are and determine what motivates their purchases. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, purchasing behaviour is mainly driven by the lowest need that has not been met by a buyer. The five primary areas of needs identified by Maslow model are physiological, safety and security, love and belongingness, self esteem and finally self actualization. This model postulates that as the needs of consumers are met in the first level say physiological, they move towards the next and so on (Lester, 2013 p.15). In this model, consumer buyer decisions are motivated by one of the 5 needs level in their hierarchy. In this regard, ability of a marketer to appeal to one of five motivational

Consumer-Firm Relationship and Bonding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer-Firm Relationship and Bonding - Essay Example Some claim that behaviors people adopt, simplify the buying experience, reduce risks and maintain a psychological level of comfort. Others describe it as attracting, maintaining and enhancing customer relationships. These relationships go through hierarchical chain of events and development phases including exchanges, transactions through which customers receive psychological benefits. The relationships are earned through transactions. Relationship marketing sets out to establish, maintain, develop and commercialize so that objectives of both the customer and the marketer is met. This is done by mutual exchange and promise fulfillment. Relationship marketing can be viewed as relationships, interactions and networks connecting customers to customers, suppliers to customers, suppliers to suppliers as well as competitors. It includes employing tactical elements like customer contact, customer database management and customer-oriented service. Strategic elements re-characterize the business as a service business and view the organization as a process instead of a function. The dissertation considers all relationships as having life cycles and questions whether relationship marketing is the development of a new marketing paradigm.

Integration of Aristotles Four Causes and Ego Psychology Essay Example for Free

Integration of Aristotles Four Causes and Ego Psychology Essay Ego Psychology Theory is based on Freud’s structure of mind model of identity, ego, and superego elaborated in more detail. Individuals have different ego controlling between primitive drives and realities. Individuals always deal with identities, drives and egos. However, if one has good control with ego, they can express their desire, drives and morals in realistic and socially appropriate ways. If failed, one confronts difficulties such as conflict with inner self and loss of mature interpersonal relationship. However, throughout lifetime, individuals change their feelings and behaviors to better fit their needs or minimize their conflict between primitive drives and realities. The material cause for ego psychology is identity and ego. Individuals are born with primitive drives, sexual desires, and egos which enable to organize their identity, drives and synthesize judgment, defined as decisions toward another in feelings, or to be aware of drives that affects feelings in accord with reality. In other words, ego can give a right direction for or control identity drives, whether it is satisfied or not in light of reality. The formal cause of ego psychology is ego development which is follows by means of the individuals needs, e. g. , affiliation with others, learning, etc. Hartmann says that we must develop â€Å"autonomous ego-development† (Hartmann, 1958, p, 101). The ego must be understood in relation with the individuals needs and drives, traits, expectations, and values. According to Hartmann, peoples defense mechanism develop their ego. Hartmann pointed out that â€Å"the defense processes may simultaneously serve both the control of instinctual drive and adaptation to the external world. † (Hartmann, 1958, p. 51) The efficient cause is adaptation â€Å"reality mastering† and a reciprocated relationship between an individual and his or her environment. The outcome of successful adaptation implies â€Å"fitting together† (Hartmann 1958, p, 36). If individuals overcome their conflicts, they are lead to their functions which are more or less closely related to the perceive reality. Therefore, successful adaptation embeds an individual in an environment. Also, it solves conflict among individual needs, capacities, and their environments due to the complicated tendencies of defensive egos. In early stages the ego is focused on differentiating itself from others and on affirming its separate existence though expression of drives. Later, the individuals begin to learn rules of conduct to follow in order to avoid group criticism (Martin,1981). The impact of interpersonal and environmental factors is thought to be crucial to the evolution of mature ego functions during the lifelong developmental process. The final cause of ego psychology is to find better adaptation and sustain ego function with regard to individual needs to adapt to their environments, drives, traits, and expectations. Other manifestations of social functioning problems and self regulation and control of drives affect other peoples perceptions is central to the development of an individuals behaviors and are appropriate in certain circumstances. People, because of their inevitable and requisite relationship with the world, are subject to change their attitudes, behaviors, and even their egos in order to cope with the changes and demands of other people around them and in the group they belong in. References Irving M. Rosen. (1968) Ego psychology of the adult years.Journal of Religion and Health, Volume 7, Number 3 PDF (243. 6 KB) Retrieved May 2, 2008, from SpringerLink database. Hartmann, Heinz. (1958) Ego psychology and the problem of adaptation. New York, NY: International Universities Press. Martin A, James. (2000) Ego psychology notes. Retrieved Apr. 2, 2008, from http://www. brynmawr. edu/Acads/GSSW/jam/switr/991415. htm Martin, Grotjahn. (1981) The therapeutic group process in the light of developmental ego Psychology. Group, Volume 5. Retrieved May 2, 2008, from SpringerLink database.

The films Bladerunner and Fahrenheit 451 :: essays papers

The films â€Å"Bladerunner† and â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† The films â€Å"Bladerunner† and â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† are similar in the way they show emotions in their depictions of distopias. The emotions shown are not normal to us, but are controlled by the government. The inhabitants of these worlds are being persuaded that emotions are bad, unhealthy. However, some do break free from the system. The cases in these movies are not of really living at all, but just of going through the motions of life. The movie â€Å"Bladerunner† was about androids that were made to not have feelings and not to live longer than 4 years. Rachel is a good example of they tried to control emotions. As one of the new model replicants, Rachel was implanted with memories and could recall emotions. What she did not realize was that her memories were really the memories of her maker’s niece. She did not even know she was an android until Decker did the test on her. She was very upset when she realized that he was right, because she did not know what feelings were real and what feelings belonged to someone else. She worked with the man that created androids, the owner of the Tyrell Corporation, which makes her more upset that she did not know. This is when she exclaims to Decker, â€Å"I am not in the business, I AM the business.† Although she though she was living a normal human life, Rachel was going through the motions of everything humans do, but she did not have real feelings or even her own memories. Therefore, she was not even being her own self. Another aspect of the movie â€Å"Bladerunner† is of those that broke away from the system. The â€Å"Nexus 6† were androids that developed emotions and escaped from slavery, because they wanted to live longer. Roy and Priss are good examples of androids showing that they have emotions. They were manipulative, passionate for what they wanted, and even had loving sides. Roy was the leader of the â€Å"Nexus 6† and Priss was his girlfriend . Priss acted like a helpless girl to get J.F. Sebastian to let her into his house, into which she later let Roy. They made J.F. show them to the owner of the Tyrell Corporation’s house, so they could fight to get an extension on their lives.

Bother and Harmonium

Jonah Dusauzay Harmonium and Brothers The most obvious similarity of Harmonium and Brothers is that they have no rhyme scheme, which is a very common practice in contemporary poems and makes the writing feel less restrictive and much more human.In the two poems the description of the relationship is actually explained at the final stanza while the previous stanza appears to set the scene and happen to reflect the speakers thoughts, such as how the harmonium in Harmonium has ‘soft wood case’ and ‘yellow the fingernails of its keys’ which is actually explaining the son’s deep down worries of how his father is slowly ageing Harmonium appears to have a somewhat nostalgic and worried tone compared to Brothers more regretful tone this is due to the narrator in Harmonium appearing to be struggling to come to terms with the fact that his father will eventually leave him, and when his father does point this out ‘he is too starved of breath’ which shows both the closeness of the relationship and the love the narrator has for his father. Brothers is a complete opposite of this, with the poem being written in second person it makes the narrator appear to be reflecting on the past; there is a sense of deep regret in the writing also, as the writer explains how he is unable ‘to close the distance. I’d set in motion’ which may reflect the narrator recalling a childhood memory about his brother that he is now estranged from.Both in Harmonium and Brothers the use of imagery is prevalent, in Brothers the use of imagery is shown from the start with the way the narrator describes how he is ‘Saddled’ with his younger brother , which makes the reader appear resent the fact that he has to be with him. The use of imagery in Brothers is also used to reflect the characters contrasting emotions through the choice of verbs, were the younger brother ‘skipped’ and is ‘spouting six year old view s’ shows the jubilance and enthusiasm of being with his older brother, yet the older brother ‘sighs’ and ‘strolls’ showing he is quite annoyed and irritated of his brothers presence.Harmoniums use of imagery is more metaphorical than Brothers, it is used to reflect the past with the intricate details of the harmonium being described as having ‘smokers fingers’ and how the ‘organists feet’ has worn down the ‘treadles’ showing an association with the past and a possible longing for it , so that he can have more time with his father . Harmonium and Brothers both have an overriding theme of inevitability, with the worry the son has in Harmonium of his father dying and in Brothers the inevitability of the two brother drifting apart is shown by how the narrator is ‘unable to close the distance. I’d set in motion’ which is due to the fact the narrator is three years older than his brother and seems to choose his friends over his own sibling.

Othello Literary Essay

Othello Literary Essay Although Emilia is not the protagonist of the play, her role is very important in Othello. Through her conversations with Desdemona and Iago, we develop a finer understanding of their characters. She plays as a catalyst when stealing Desdemona's handkerchief, and exploits Iago's villainy. Through Emilia, we see Iago's personality better. Iago's sneering attitude towards his wife and women in general shows the lack of respect and low opinion he has for them. When he says â€Å"Come on, come on. You are pictures out of doors, bells in your parlours, wildcats in your kitchens, saints in your injuries, devils being offended, players in your housewifery, and housewives in your beds† (2. 1. 109-112) Iago is stating that Emilia is a whore who inflicts injuries on others, but puts on an appearance of innocence. In response of learning Iago's view of women, we learn that Emilia's cynical view of men is they â€Å"are all but stomachs, and we are all but food. They eat us hungrily, and when they are full, the belch us† (3. 4. 100-101). By this quote, we see how Emilia perceives men to use women for their own needs and then get rid of them. She openly admits to Desdemona in act 4, scene 3, that women should be equal to men, instead of seen as possessions and objects under their control. From her close relationship with Desdemona, we learn that she is really the honest and sweet woman she known to be. This helps us know that what Iago says to Othello are lies and makes her death even more tragic. Her loveless marriage with Iago is the mirror image of Desdemona and Othello's relationship. Therefore, it enhances the love and intimacy in their marriage. Emilia's major contribution in Othello is when she steals the handkerchief for her husband, Iago. When Emilia sees the handkerchief fall, she immediately picks it up, which is a major development, in not only Iago's plot, but also the plot of the play, and says â€Å"My wayward husband hath a hundred times woo'd me to steal it† (3. 3. 292-293). This shows that even though Emilia is cynical, she still wants to please her husband. Emilia knows this was the first gift Othello had given to Desdemona and means to give it back. Emilia says she will â€Å"have the work ta'en out and give't Iago† (3. 3. 296-297). Meaning she would have the handkerchief copied and given the copy to Iago, despite not knowing the purpose he wants it for. Unfortunately, she doesn’t have the chance to carry out her plan because Iago appears and snatches it from her. She protests â€Å"If it be not for some purpose of import, give't me again: poor lady, she'll run mad when she shall lack it† (3. 3. 316-318). Iago then, very rudely, tells her to keep her mouth shut and sends her away. Stealing the handkerchief is not only a dramatic moment in Othello, but a very important one, too. If Emilia had not found this handkerchief, Iago would not have been able to devise his plan. Being that he uses the handkerchief as evidence to convince Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio by dropping the handkerchief in his chamber. Emilia is oblivious to the fact that because of her single, wrongful act towards her mistress, Desdemona, she has sent herself and many other characters in the play to their death. From the little bit of Emilia that we see – or read – in the play, she is very obedient, as a Renaissance woman should be. But, as the play progresses, she finally shows a turn of character and becomes a strong and courageous woman. The last scene is when she is most authentically herself as she defends Desdemona, who is murdered on her bed by her husband Othello. Despite threats from Othello, she calls for help, and denounces Iago by saying â€Å"You told a lie, an odious, damned lie; upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie. She false with Cassio! Did you say with Cassio? (5. 2. 180-182) when he entered the chamber with Montano, Lodovico, Gratiano, and Cassio. Iago continuously tells her to charm her tongue, but she will, with courage â€Å"speak as liberal as the north† (5. 2. 220). In a desperate attempt to save himself Iago commands Emilia to go home when she replies with â€Å"Good gentlemen, let me have leave to speak; 'tis proper I obey him, but not now. Perchance, Iago, I will ne'er go home† (5. 2. 195-197). Othello, trying to recover himself, explains to Gratiano the handkerchief he found in Cassio's hands. At the mention of the handkerchief, Emilia confesses â€Å"O thou dull Moor! That handkerchief thou speak'st of I found by fortune and did give my husband† (5. . 225-226). At this point, Othello knows he's been lied to. Iago stabs Emilia and escapes. Emilia is crucial because she is the only one that sees Iago for who he truly is, and because of Emilia's honesty and bravery, Othello knows he has committed an unlawful death. To sum up, Emilia is important because of the relationships she builds with other cha racters in the play, more importantly with Desdemona, which Iago exploits to use to his advantage and her unknowing help of stealing the handkerchief plays a critical role in his scheme.

Creativity and Gifted Students

Creativity and Gifted Students Introduction Creativity refers to the ability of a person to bring something ‘new’ or simply one that did not exist before into being. It can also be defined as finding new applications for ideas or things that previously existed. New in this case is used relatively to refer to new ideas as is in the experience of the person.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Creativity and Gifted Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The process of creativity can be divided into two main processes, that is, coming up with the original idea and then acting on the original idea to produce it into a reality. A gifted person is one who shows remarkably extraordinary performance in doing something compared to other people of the same age and experience. Inventories for measuring giftedness The giftedness of a person is considered measurable and can be evaluated by administering the subject customized tests and then analyzi ng the results. A lot of research, in the past, has been carried out on the topic of giftedness as a result; different people have discovered numerous tests that are used to determine the giftedness of a person. Gifted children are identified and enrolled into programs for gifted people where they are nurtured into better people. These tests have been applied over time to determine which students are eligible for enrollment into the gifted programs. Some of the tests used include; The Cognitive Abilities Test that is used to measure a person’s mental ability, the Iowa Test of Basic skills together with the Iowa Test of Education Development both used to measure the subject’s achievement and Children’s Academic Intrinsic Motivation Inventory are used to measure the subject’s level of motivation. Tests for creativity of a person should also be used in determining eligibility into gifted programs (Kim, 2009, p.7). The capacity of creativity of a person is me asured by The Group Inventory for finding Creative Talent and the Torrance test of Creative Thinking, which was named after its inventor Dr. E. Paul Torrance, a leading researcher in the field of creativity who developed it in 1966.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Dr. Torrance, creativity can be summarized as a continuous process of realizing problems, deficiencies, gaps in knowledge, missing elements, disharmonies; identifying the difficulty and its solutions by making guesses, formulating hypotheses, testing, changing and retesting them where necessary and then eventually communicating the result. Tests for creativity should be used in evaluation of eligible students for gifted programs because they help determine the potential of the subject in creative tendencies (Davis, 1986, p. 63). There are many dimensions of creativity, and it is important that the corr ect test is chosen to determine each dimension of creativity. Therefore, different sets of tests to measure creativity should be used in choosing children for gifted programs depending on the focus of the program. The creative capacity measuring tests contain a wealth of information on them which can help reveal the divergent thinking and the fluency of the subject. When a person engages in creative tendencies, they are mostly framed by many factors including their background, their culture and discipline and most importantly, his or her own description of creativity, and therefore, administrators of tests that measure a child’s eligibility for enrollment into a gifted program should take this into consideration when doing so (Kim, 2009, p.11). The tests should rhyme well with the subject’s culture disposition and discipline because the environment of the subjects also not only the talents the person possesses influences their abilities. It is for the best interests th at the creative measurement tests be not the only ways used to identify creativity in individuals and eligibility or be the only instrument on which the decision is made. There should be several tests to pick out legitimately individuals for gifted programs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Creativity and Gifted Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the results of tests for evaluating eligibility of children in gifted programs enrollment should not be compared against each other. Each culture and society has their own definitions of excellence and the kinds of intelligence that it values. These factors should also be taken into consideration when administering creativity tests. This means that tests for divergent thinking, motivation, inventories in interest, attitude and personality and judgment of products should be administered when deciding which child will be accepted into a gifted program and which one will not. Most tests of giftedness rely mostly on the verbal prowess or the amount and vastness of information the subject possesses which is why creative tests should be adopted as a good addition to those tests. Creativity tests provide of the other side of the subject’s abilities that are separate from the vast knowledge and talents hence scrapping off biasness. Also, opinions from other experts in the relevant fields and disciplines should be employed to ensure the success of the process of identifying eligible children for gifted programs. Creativity tests, for example, the Torrance test of Creative Thinking are very easy to administer, and they do not require much time. They have a few cautions to observe and considering the extensive research on this field that has been going on, they are highly effective. They are fair in terms of gender, culture and socioeconomic disparities, and they should be adjoined with other tests to determine which students are enrolled i n gifted programs.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Davis, G. A. (1986). Creativity is forever (2nd ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co.. Kim, K. (2009). Can we trust creativity tests? A review of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT)†. Creativity Research Journal. 18(1), 3-14.

Double Comparative in English Grammar

Double Comparative in English Grammar The double comparative is the use of both more (or less) and the suffix -er to indicate the comparative form of an adjective or adverb. In present-day standard English, double comparatives (such as more easier) are almost universally regarded as usage errors, though the construction is still heard in certain dialects. Examples Some-a people think Im more dumber than them because I dont talk so good, but they only know one language and meI speak-a two. (Marjorie Bartholomew Paradis, Mr. De Lucas Horse, 1962)I was more tireder than ever Id been in my life, wore down beyond weariness. (Ron Rash, One Foot in Eden. Macmillan, 2004)But the only thing I got to tell you, if you take a dog and kick him around hes got to be alert, hes got to be more sharper than you. Well, weve been kicked around for two thousand years. Were not more smarter, were more alert. (Mordecai Richler, Barneys Version. Chatto Windus, 1997)Repose you there; while I to this hard house- More harder than the stones whereof tis raised. (Kent to King Lear in Act Three, scene 2, of King Lear by William Shakespeare) The Taboo Against This Belt-and-Suspenders Usage Double comparison is taboo in Standard English except for fun: Your cooking is more tastier than my mothers. I can see more better with my new glasses. These illustrate the classic double comparative, with the periphrastic more or most used to intensify an adjective or adverb already inflected for the comparative or superlative. A belt-and-suspenders usage, this is a once-Standard but now unacceptable construction (like the double negative) that illustrates yet again our penchant for hyperbole. Shakespeare (the most unkindest cut of all) and other Renaissance writers used double comparison to add vigor, enthusiasm, and emphasis, and so do young children and other unwary speakers of Nonstandard English today. (Kenneth G. Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press, 1993) The Double Comparative in Early Modern English As was true in earlier times also, a good many instances of double comparisons like more fitter, more better, more fairer, most worst, most stillest, and (probably the best-known example) most unkindest occur in early Modern English. The general rule was that comparison could be made with the ending or with the modifying word or, for emphasis, both. (Thomas Pyles and John Algeo, The Origins and Development of the English Language. Harcourt, 1982) More and most were historically not comparative markers, but intensifiers (as they still are in such expressions as a most enjoyable evening). In EMnE [Early Modern English], this intensifying function was felt much more strongly; hence writers did not find it ungrammatical or pleonastic to use both a comparative adverb and s from Shakespeare include in the calmest and most stillest night and against the envy of less happier lands. (C.M. Millward, A Biography of the English Language, 2nd ed. Harcourt Brace, 1996) More Doubles in English Grammar Double NegativeDouble Superlative

The Role of Lead Teacher Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Role of Lead Teacher - Research Paper Example 11). The majority of contemporary schools functions under a continuous improvement model and is publicly measured by student achievement test results. The transformation of schools to function under more progressive models relies heavily on leveraging the expertise of the classroom teacher to extend beyond the traditional roles of individual classroom impact on students, and to include new roles in leading school reform efforts as part of a community of learners (Crowther et al, 2002). Faculty involvement in decision making, through administrators sharing their power with the teaching staff, is a way to create collaborative culture and promote student success, especially in traditionally failing schools (Papalewis and Fortune, 2002). Empowerment void of professional community is not enough to bring about needed changes in our schools. Empowerment has "proven insufficient to change teachers relationships to their work in many settings" (Louis and Kruse, 1995, p. 13). Many teachers have leadership qualities that have not yet been recognized but may be a key to transforming schools and communities (Crowther et al., 2002). Documenting the perceptions and experiences of lead teachers who are involved as agents of change can reveal insights about the nature of teacher leadership, the roles that lead teachers assume, and the impact of their involvement in educational change. Careful and critical examination of teacher leadership is important since it is perceived as bein g critical to so many current school reform initiatives (Miller, et al., 2000). PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Buckner and McDowelle (2000) reported that teachers are in a unique position to influence school reform efforts, however "teacher leadership is a concept that often lacks clear definition" (p. 35). As teachers play a greater role in the changes schools make, there is a need to better define and describe the concept of lead teacher and teacher leadership (Miller et al., 2000). Katzenmeyer and Moller (2001) stated, "teacher leadership is essential for the level of complex change schools face. In order to advance these roles for teachers, it is necessary for proponents to be clear about what teacher leadership looks like" (p. 4). Various reform efforts in modern education have recognized teachers' professional development as central to the reform efforts and have called for new ways of organizing and supporting teacher work. Providing insight into the role of lead teachers as participants in a distributed leadership model by documenting their perceptions, describing implementation activities, and identifying and analyzing the impact of their roles in modern education will help to understand the perspectives of contemporary education and learning. This deeper understanding is needed to help guide reform efforts and provide for a more enlightened conversation regarding teacher leadership so that administrators can 'identify, develop, and support lead teachers in their schools" (Buckner & McDowelle, 2000, p. 36). Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effect of the lead teacher in changing and improving school management, learners' performance and teaching practices. LITERATURE REVIEW In the current literature the term "lead teacher" (or "teacher leader") is ill defined. It is used to discuss teachers who unofficially engage in a leadership role in activities that

The importance of body language and gesture in the Couselling exchange Essay

The importance of body language and gesture in the Couselling exchange - Essay Example It is an artistic science and a scientific art. It uses the most sophisticated technical tools to explore the deep depths of an individual’s personality. Guidance and counselling are similar in nature. Both are continuous. The term guidance we use in a much wider sense while counselling often used to specific purposes. Counselling is the centre of all guidance programs. Counselling is more technical in nature and it guides the guidance process. The data obtained in the counselling process is often used in guidance process. Body language on the other hand is the peculiar responses of our body to certain situations. All forms of human communication are not uses verbal languages. Body language often makes use of facial expressions. It is a mean of communication using body movements and gestures instead of verbal language or other communication. Many people send and receive non verbal signals all the time. For example, while playing cricket, a batsman’s thoughts about a difficult bowler will always come out as his gestures and body languages. When the batsman deceived by a particular ball, he often make gestures and the bowler can easily identify the thoughts of the batsman and he can attack him consistently with such balls to get him out. Thus body language or gestures are often the results of the thoughts of the person regarding a particular situation. The counsellor at the time of counselling observes the body language of the counselee along with his responses to the questions. An experienced counsellor can learn more from the body language and gestures of the counselee than his verbal responses. While making conclusion the counsellor will consider all such behaviours of the counselee to assess the problem correctly. â€Å"What people say could often be very different from what theyre thinking or feeling. Its very easy to say something untrue or insincere, so we can never rely on words alone. Fortunately, theres a proven way to

The State of Florida should raise the legal drivers age to 18 Essay

The State of Florida should raise the legal drivers age to 18 - Essay Example aged 16 years old at the time of the incidence made a grave mistake in his judgments: overloading the car with eight people, speeding, driving with near bald tires and overtaking another car full of fellow teen-agers (Driscoll 1). Dreadful tragedies involving young drivers have been reported from all the American states. It is quite clear that at ages eighteen and nineteen, there is a greater level of maturity and better judgments than at sixteen. In the year 2009, Justine Winter (while driving at 85mph) crashed a head on leading to a death of a mothers and her 13-year-old only son. On an interview in a TV show, winter says sorry to the family of the victims: 35-year-old, expectant Erin Thompson and Caden, her son (Daily Mail on Teenage Girl). She apologized saying she dint want to put them through any more pain than they had under gone through. Extending her apologies to her own family, she confirmed that her family went through a lot of pain because of the accident. Asked if she would take responsibility for the accident, she said she would although she clearly states that she cannot remember anything about the crash. Winter, who is the youngest inmate at 18, is serving a 15-year sentence at Montana Women’s Prison for the killings. The horrifying crash happened after winter fought with her boyfriend. They had a heated argument via text messages as she was driving. However winter and her lawyers insisted, it was a normal accident and not a suicide attempt. Winter, which was 16-years-older that time, suffered multiple injuries and had to under go several surgeries due to brain damage. Having been found guilty, of double homicide, she was jailed for 15 years. The prosecutor argued winter was carelessly driving, and she was not wearing a seatbelt. Erin Thompson’s family was praised by the judge who said their compassion and courage was remarkable. They only asked for apologies from the 18-year-old. At the moment, car crashes by the teenagers in the United

Offender Profiling Techniques Effectiveness

Offender Profiling Techniques Effectiveness This essay will be discussing the effectiveness of offender profiling techniques. Firstly the essay will be looking into detail what offender profiling is and describing it. Secondly the essay will be looking at the comparison of the US and UK approaches and the effectiveness. Finally a conclusion with be drawn to look at the differences between the UK US approaches. In the criminal justice system, there is a growing demand for experts in the field of human behaviour who can assist law enforcement with solving unusual homicide cases. Law enforcement agencies often seek help from psychologists, criminologists, psychiatrists, and other professionals that specialize in human behaviour when trying to catch a suspect. Criminal profiling is in place to help detect and capture criminals, it has now become more common during many a criminal investigation. Criminal profiling has also been recognised as one of the most useful techniques in offender profiling, a technique used to help define the behaviour of an offender before they reach the height of their criminal career. This gives the Authorities a good idea of important facts of a criminals personality; facts such as: Profession, environment in which they live and whether it is possible for them to strike again or not. Offender profiling is commonly used in crimes such as paedophilia, rape, satanic and ritualistic crime, lust and mutilation murder and as well as many other crimes. The goals of profiling are: to make assessments from the crime scene that will give the authorities an idea of how to catch the criminal. According to The Guardian (the jigsaw man, Steven Morris 2000) The modern history of what came to be known as offender profiling began in the 40s when the US Office of Strategic Services asked William Langer, a psychiatrist, to draw up a profile of Adolf Hitler. After the second world war, Lionel Haward, a psychologist working for the Royal Air Force, drew up a list of characteristics which high-ranking Nazi war criminals might display. Then in the 50s, James A Brussel, a US psychiatrist, drew up what turned to be an uncannily accurate profile of a bomber who had been terrorising New York According to Holmes Holmes (1996) there should be three main goals of offender profiling, these are to provide the police with basic information about the characteristics of the offender such as age, race, personality, employment and marital status, to suggest any possessions the offender may have that would associate him with the crime scene (such as souvenirs the police may want to search for) and to provide interviewing strategies and suggestions the police may use when questioning a suspect. The American approach to developing a profile of an offender has been developed from an initial sample of interviews with 36 convicted serial sexual murderers, combined with detailed information from crime scenes. The next part of this essay it will be discussing the effectiveness of both UK US offender profiling and discussing the comparison of both approaches. Firstly, the US approach is known as holistic or top-down approach and data from scene and from MO compared with previously known information. The FBIs Crime Scene Analysis consists of six steps, which are summarized in the section that follows. Profiling Inputs: a collection of all evidence, including anything found on the scene (i.e. fibers, paint chips, etc.) and anything derived from the crime scene Decision Process Models: evidence is arranged to locate any types of patterns, such as whether or not the crime is part of a series of crimes, what the victims have in common. Crime Assessment: the evidence has been organized, the crime scene is reconstructed. Investigators use patterns to determine what happened in what order, and what role each victim, weapon had in the crime. Criminal Profile: the combined first three steps are used to create a criminal profile incorporating the motives, physical qualities, and personality of the perpetrator. Also, the investigators use this information to decide on the best way to interview the suspects based on their personality. The Investigation: the profile is given to investigators on the case and to organizations that may have data leading to the identification of a suspect. The profile may be reassessed if no leads are found or if new information is learned. The Apprehension: this stage only occurs in about 50% of cases. When a suspect is identified, he/she is interviewed, investigated, compared to the profile. If the investigators have reason to believe that the suspect is the perpetrator, a warrant is obtained for the arrest of the individual, usually followed by a trial with expert witnesses including the forensic psychologist and other forensic experts, including those involved in the crime science analysis. According to Jackson (1997) Offences most suitable for profiling involve those where the suspects behaviour at the crime scene revel important details about themselves. Arson and sexually motivated crimes where the criminal has demonstrated some form of psychopathy seem to offer the best chance of useful information being disclose. A few examples of profiling where its most effective are crime scenes revealing evidence sadistic torture, posturing of the body, ritualistic behaviour or staging. According to the F.B.I case which involve mere destruction to property, assault or murder during a commission of a robbery are generally unsuitable for profiling as the personality of the criminal is not frequently not revealed in such crime scenes. However drug related crimes lend themselves poorly to profiling because the true personality of a criminal is not recognised. Criminal profiling exists in large part due to the work of the FBIs Behavioral Science Unit, a department dedicated to developing new and innovative investigative approaches and techniques to the solution of crime by studying the offender, and his/her behaviour and motivation According to Brent E. Turvey, MS (1998) The advantages of the Inductive Criminal Profiling model are readily apparent. Foremost is that Inductive Profiling is a very easy tool to use, for which no specialized forensic knowledge, education, or training in the study of criminal behaviour or criminal investigation is required. Additionally, general profiles can be assembled in a relatively short period of time without any great effort or ability on the part of the profiler. The result is often a one or two page list of unqualified characteristics. These generalizations can accurately predict some of the non-distinguishing elements of individual criminal behaviour, but not with a great deal of consistency or reliability. The next part of the essay will be discussing the UK approach of offender profiling. The UK approach to the term offender profile came well known to the police forces and the general public during the 1980s. British approach is less subjective and called bottom up method, or data-driven. Data is collected and analysed to produce definite, measured, specific associations between offences and offender characteristics. Paul Britton is a Consultant Clinical and Forensic Psychologist who founded psychological profiling in the UK. He has advised the police in over one hundred serious investigations, including some of the most high profile crimes of the past twenty five years. In his previous role as head of the UKs largest Forensic Psychology Service, he assessed and treated thousands of offenders, victims and witnesses. He sat on the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) sub-committee on offender profiling for some years, remaining an independent consultant for several more, and has liaised with worldwide agencies. Professor David Canter was a pioneer in this nascent field, helping to guide detectives in the mid-80s to an offender who had carried out a series of serious attacks. But he saw the limitations of offender profiling- in particular, the subjective, personal opinion of a psychologist. He and a colleague coined the term investigative psychology and began trying to approach the subject from what they saw as a more scientific point of view. The approach to offender profiling uses the setting and nature of and physical evidence at the crime scene. This builds up a relationship between the characteristics of the offence and the actual offender. This approach also uses scientific statistics in processing evidence. Each profile is unique to the individual offender which gives the technique the name bottom-up. Offender profiling is most useful when trying to find a serial offender as police can identify the typeof victim, especially in rape and/or murder cases. The behaviour of the criminal is an important feature in profiling an offender examples of this are; the location of the crime, type of victim, interaction with victim and often the timing of the crime. Environmental concepts such as mental mapsare often used in order to develop the idea that typical rapists live in the area that they offend in. This approach to profiling aims to be more scientific, using real evidence and statistical analysis. Canter (2000) states concerns that the F.B.I.s typologies may be too closely focused on the behaviors of the offenders rather than on the meaning of the behaviors. A detailed examination of the crime scene might thus be seen as an essential first step in the gathering of relevant information. While a phys ­ical examination is already carried out by forensic scientists searching for fingerprints, clothing fibres, semen samples etc., the scene can also reveal other clues to the profiler. detailed examination of the crime scene may well provide clues as to the underlying personality of the offender. It appeared that some offences were carried out with a great deal of forward planning, while others were committed with little planning or preparation. In the latter case, a victim may have been selected at random, whereas in the former, a victim may have been targeted and observed for some time in advance of the offence. While a detailed examination of the crime scene will be helpful to a profiler, such an examination is not always possible. For example, some recent research in the UK (Smith, 1998) has sug ­gested that profilers tend not to be bro ught in at the earliest opportunity, but rather are contacted when other more traditional forms of police enquiry have failed. By this stage the crime scene will probably have been disturbed and vital clues possibly lost. Turvey (1999) warns against using profiling as anything other than suggesting probabilities. He cites the case of Rachel Nickell, studied by Kocsis et al. (1998). After looking at both approaches from the UK US, they both have different approaches to offender profiling. Firstly, Boon and Davies (1992) argue that the British approach is based on bottom-up data processing (an analysis of existing evidence) the aim being to identify associations between offences and offender characteristics. The American approach is top-up and uses subjective conclusions drawn from both experience of crime and interview with criminals. This states that the UK approach looks at the data of a criminal and the evidence, the US approach looks at the criminal and gathers information.